INTRANSITIVE VERBS.


Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an
action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."

The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e.,
verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun of
the same person all through, as--


Quejarse (to complain).

Pres. Indic., Yo me quejo, tú te quejas, él se queja, nosotros nos
quejamos, vosotros os quejáis, ellos se quejan.

Fut. Indic., Yo me quejaré, tú te quejarás, él se quejará, etc.

These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the
reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on
the doer itself, as--

Yo me amo: I love myself.

Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action does not go beyond the doer.

Intransitive Pronominal Verbs are of three kinds--

1. Those which are always pronominal, as--

+----------------------------+------------------------------+
|Quejarse (to complain)      |Jactarse (to boast)           |
|Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)|Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) |
|Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) |Proponerse[126] (to intend, to|
|Arrepentirse (to repent)    |  purpose)                    |
|Hacerse[126], volverse[126] |Desanimarse[126] (to feel     |
|  (to become)               |  discouraged)                |
+----------------------------+------------------------------+

[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a
modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise),
Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference
between Transitive and Intransitive.]

2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified
or more or less modified, as--

+------------------------+----------------------------------+
|Ir (to go)              |Irse (to go away)                 |
|Reir (to laugh)         |Reírse (to laugh at  suggesting  |
|                        |  scorn)                          |
|Entender (to understand)|Entenderse de paños (to be a judge|
|                        |  of cloths)                      |
|Dormir (to sleep)       |Dormirse (to fall asleep)         |
|Correr (to run)         |Correrse (to  make  a slip of the |
|                        |  tongue).                        |
+------------------------+----------------------------------+

3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any
appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as--

Estar, estarse (to be)
Quedar, quedarse (to remain)
Casar (con), casarse (con), (to marry)
Pensar, pensarse (to think)
Yo pienso, or me pienso que sí (I think so)
Me escapó de la memoria or (it escaped my memory).
Se me escapó de la memoria (it escaped my memory).

In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in
the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading
of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in
all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can
teach.


Irregular Verbs.

We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the
Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary
Tenses from which they are derived[127]--

[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the
end.]

+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
|               |    Pensar (to think).[128]               |
|Pres. Indic.,|Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensáis, piensan.    |
|Pres. Subj., |Piense-es-e, pensemos, penséis, piensen.    |
|Imperative,  |Piensa, pensad (reg.).                    |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------+
|               |    Acordar (to agree).[128]              |
|Pres. Indic.,|Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordáis, acuerdan.|
|Pres. Subj., |Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordéis, acuerden.|
|Imperative,  |Acuerda, acordad (reg.).                  |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------+

[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]


     VOCABULARY.

agitarse to agitate (n.)
algo something, anything (interrog.)
amenaza threat
anticipación anticipation
anticipar to anticipate
anticipo advance
arduo arduous, difficult
baja decline
bajo cubierta underdeck
botones buttons
callar to be silent, to abstain from saying
camaradas comrades
cepillo brush
cinta ribbon
cortarse to cut oneself, to stop short
damascos damasks
definitivo definite
descuidar to neglect
ejecutar to execute
encaje de cortinas curtain lace
espantarse to be frightened
estiva stowage
*imponer to impose
impuesto imposed
lienzo adamascado diaper
pasas raisins
patronos masters, employers of workmen
prisa haste, hurry
*producir to produce
produje I produced
produjeron they produced
razón (á razón de), at the rate of
reglamento regulations
sobre cubierta on deck
sobre estadías demurrage
sobrecargarse to overload oneself
tonelada ton
*traer to bring, to carry
traje I brought, I carried
tranquilo quiet
uvas grapes
vista (á la), at sight


                            EXERCISE 1 (37).

Translate into English--

1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los
Patronos.

2. No se avergüenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado
la huelga hace quince días y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se
agitan por el día de trabajo de ocho horas.

3. Este problema se va haciendo cada día mas arduo.

4. Voy á escribir una carta y después me iré.

5. ¿Porqué ríe V.?

6. Se ríe de mí sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo
sé bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.

7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de paños.

8. Nunca he visto á un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.

9. Quédese V. aquí, estése tranquilo y no piense á nada, su primo se
acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos á un
acuerdo común y definitivo.

10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecución de sus órdenes á la
mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).

11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habría debido callar.

12. Después de haber principiado á hablar muy bien se cortó y no pudo
hallar palabras para continuar.


                            EXERCISE 2 (38).

Translate into Spanish--

1. You have anticipated my wishes.

2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se prevé).

3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza)
of large orders.

4. To pay in anticipation.

5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or
agradeciéndoles de antemano) we remain.

6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.

7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at
sight.

8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).

9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados á cabo).

10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins,
600 under and 200 on deck.

11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days
left (quedándole), so that (así que) we do not think we shall have to
pay demurrage.

12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.

13. The advance on account (á cuenta) of freight is £120.

14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (¿Estará todo en orden?)

15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers,
ribbons, buttons, and brushes.