RELATIVE PRONOUNS


+------------+-----------+------------------------------------+
|   Sing.  |  Plu.   |                                    |
+------------+-----------+------------------------------------+
|Quien       |Quienes    |(who, whom)                         |
|El cual     |Los cuales |(who, whom or which)              |
|La cual     |Las cuales |                                    |
|Que         |           |(that)                              |
|Cuyo        |Cuyos      |(whose, or of which (denoting     |
|Cuya        |Cuyas      | possession))                       |
+------------+-----------+------------------------------------+

Quien is used for persons only.
El cual and que are used for persons and things.


EXAMPLES--

El agente á quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we
have written.

¿Son aquéllas las partidas de azúcares de las cuales me habló V. ayer?
Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?

Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember
the people and things that you mentioned.

El buque cuya tripulación ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has
landed.

El comerciante á cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we
have known.

Que is used very often instead of quien and el cual. Que is to be
preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the
principal clause (preceding), and Quien or El cual only when the
following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause
preceding, viz., when it introduces a new idea,[99] as--

¿Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visitó esta mañana?
Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso
y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and
prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use
of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule
fully.]


After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as--

Es él (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to
me.


After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100],
and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]


EXCEPTION--

After á, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by
que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions
but rarely.]


"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que
(naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as--

El buque, la tripulación del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado:
The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The
merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.

"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.

"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also
quienes.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]


Relative Pronouns cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as--

El hombre á quien, or que ví: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The
man to whom I spoke" (El hombre á quien hablé).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better
firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo á V. la casa de los Srs.
Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no
hay otra mejor)".


+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|               Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense.                    |
+-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|   Haber.          |  Tener.       |  Ser.         |  Estar.         |
|Que yo hubiese     |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I  |Estuviese (that I|
|   (that I might,  |  might, would,|  might, would,|  might, would,  |
|   would, or should|  or should    |  or should    |  or should      |
|   have, etc.)     |  have, etc.)  |  be, etc.)    |  be, etc.)      |
| "  tú hubieses    |Tuvieses       |Fueses         |Estuvieses       |
| "  él hubiese     |Tuviese        |Fuese          |Estuviese        |
| "  nosotros       |Tuviésemos     |Fuésemos       |Estuviésemos     |
|      hubiésemos   |               |               |                 |
| "  vosotros       |Tuvieseis      |Fueseis        |Estuvieseis      |
|      hubieseis    |               |               |                 |
| "  ellos hubiesen |Tuviesen       |Fuesen         |Estuviesen       |
+-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+


     VOCABULARY.

amargo bitter
armador de buques shipowner
arreglar to arrange
el bien the good
buque, barco, navio boat
cauto cautious
*conocer to know through the senses, to be acquainted with
deuda debt
doloroso painful
endosar to endorse
enseñar to teach, to show
esperar to expect, to hope, to wait
estadísticas statistics
falta want, absence of
flojo slack
fundar to found
gratitud gratitude
*hacer mención to mention
herida wound, sting
informar (de) to inform  of, to acquaint with
llevar chasco to be disappointed, to be baffled
*negar to deny
periódico newspaper
premio reward, prize, premium
robar to rob, to steal
simpático pleasant, winsome, taking
*tener empeño to be earnest, anxious about anything


                            EXERCISE 1 (25).

Translate into English--

1. El hombre que me habló no es el á quien hemos escrito.

2. Hé aquí (here is) el libro que me enseñó esta regla.

3. He escrito al hombre que nos endosó la letra.

4. He comprado el periódico que contiene aquellas estadísticas.

5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy
simpático.

6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeño en concluir la
transacción, me vino á ver otra vez (again) esta mañana.

7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado á la explotación de las minas, es
intangible (cannot be touched).

8. El hombre á quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.

9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integérrimo
(most upright).

10. El asunto á que me refería (or de que trataba).

11. La pluma con que escribía y con la cual (or con la que) puede
escribir V.

12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.

13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.

14. Los géneros para los cuales se dió (was given) la orden.

15. ¿Es él quien lo quiere y á cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V.
conoce?


                            EXERCISE 2 (26).

Translate into Spanish--

1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies
you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is
obvious.

2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how
(cuán) painful is the sting of ingratitude.

3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their
reward, then they will not be disappointed.

4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.

5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.

6. The little (pequeña) house I paid for.

7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.

8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a
lawyer.

9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica)
the want of their remittances.

10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.

11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a
Scotchman.

12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).