PERSONAL PRONOUNS


We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object
Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names--
          Nominative case for the Subject pronouns
          Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns
          Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

+----------------------------------------------------+
|                    Subject Pronouns.               |
+--------------------------+-------------------------+
|Yo (I)                    |Nosotros,-as (we)        |
|Tú (thou)                 |Vosotros,-as (you)       |
|Él (he, or it, m.)      |Ellos,-as (they)         |
|Ella (she, or it, f.)   |Ello (neuter),         |
|                          |(it, referring to a      |
|                          |  whole statement)       |
+--------------------------+-------------------------+

Instead of "Tú" or "Vosotros,-as," V. and Vs. are used in general
conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or
where no ambiguity is possible, as--

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths.
(Él) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs
the letters.
(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview
with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But--

Yo he comprado la partida de ferretería y quincalla y no V.: I have
bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not you.


Object Pronouns.

These are divided into two classes--1. Disjunctive viz., following a
preposition--

  Mí (me)               Nosotros-as (us)
  Tí (thee)             Vosotros-as (you)
  Él (him, it, m.)    Ellos-as (them)
  Ella (her, it, f.)  Ello (neuter) (it, referring
                               to a whole statement)
  V. (you, sing.)       Vs. (you, pl.)


EXAMPLES--

Ellos hablan de mí: They speak of me.
Nosotros trabajamos para él: We work for him.
Ella confía en tí, en V.: She trusts thee, you.
V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. Conjunctive viz., direct or indirect object of verb (without a
preposition).

  Él me[73] ama (he loves me)        Él nos ama (he loves us)
  Él te ama (he loves thee)          Él os ama (he loves you)
  Él lo or le ama (he loves        Él los ama (he loves them,
          him, it, m.)                m.)
  Él la ama (he loves her,           Él las ama (he loves them,
          or it, f.)                  f.)

[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are
the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers.
differs.]


EXAMPLES of Indirect Object--

Él me da       he gives me (to me)
Él te da       he gives thee (to thee)
Él le da       he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it)
Él nos da      he gives us (to us)
Él os da       he gives you (to you)
Él les da      he gives them (to them, m. and f.)


The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the
pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by á as--

á mí            me or to me        direct and indirect object
á tí            thee or to thee       "    "      "       "
á él            him or to him,        "    "      "       "
                  it (m.) or          "    "      "       "
                  to it (m.)          "    "      "       "
á ella          her or to her,        "    "      "       "
                  it (f.) or          "    "      "       "
                  to it (f.)          "    "      "       "
á nosotros-as   us or to us           "    "      "       "
á vosotros-as   you or to you         "    "      "       "
á ellos         them or               "    "      "       "
                  to them (m.)        "    "      "       "
á ellas         them or               "    "      "       "
                  to them (f.)        "    "      "       "


We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect
object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The Conjunctive form is that in general use.

The Disjunctive form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is
required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as
a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as--

Él me ama á mí: He loves me.

Él nos vende á nosotros géneros estampados y á V.
géneros de fantasía: He sells to us printed cloth and to you
fancies.

Yo le quiero ver á él y no á ella: I wish to see him and
not her.

Déle V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

Dé V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagarán más que á mí" (they will pay
him more than me), "me pagarán" is understood after que.]


     VOCABULARY.

acero steel
antes before--in point of time
asunto (not sujeto), the subject-matter
Bolsa the Exchange
calcular to calculate
celebrarse to be celebrated, to take place
compañía anónima limited company
*concebir to conceive
conjunción conjunction
desfavorable unfavourable
donde where
emisión issue, of loans, etc.
emplearse to be employed, to be used
espalda shoulder (back)
explicar to explain
explanar to explain
falta de aceptación non-acceptance
falta de pago non-payment
la frase the phrase, sentence
ganancias y pérdidas profits and losses
el gerente the manager
*gobernar to govern
*haber there to be[75]
hay there is[75]
hay there are
el hecho the fact
la ley the law
llamar to call
más adelante later on
la mente the mind
los negocios the business
Pascua Easter
posición position
proyecto scheme, plan
pues, entonces then
regresar to come or go back
*saber to know
la semana pasada last week
sírvase V., please
tenga la bondad de please
tratar to try
*valer to be worth
valor courage
*volver to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha"
in the Pres. Indicative.]


                            EXERCISE 1 (15).

Translate into English--

1. ¿Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Señor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3. ¿Dónde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5. ¿Y cómo sabemos que después de éstos se debe emplear el verbo (must
be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la acción del verbo es representada[76] sólo como
concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7. ¿Nos explicará V. esta regla otra vez más adelante?

8. Sí. No hago más que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios
principian á sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but)
habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11. ¿Cuándo regresará el gerente del Banco?

12. Estará de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir á (attend) la reunión de Directores que se celebrará en
Londres á primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks)
animación.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the
grain).

16. ¿Cómo han salido Vs. de aquella especulación en las minas de cobre
(copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relación semestral (half-yearly report) de
la compañía hace constar (shows) una situación muy desfavorable y no
habrá dividendo este año.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el año próximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: Or se representa.]


                            EXERCISE 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producirá) any
bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your
account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasaré por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hará escala en) Cádiz.

12. They will make a call (pedirán una cuota) of £1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) £50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for
non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets
of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida or buena nota) of our signature at
foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en
vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.