THE MOODS (contd.).


The Indicative Mood (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that
expresses the action in a positive manner as a fact.

The Conditional Mood (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the
Indicative Mood in a positive manner, but subject to a condition.

The Imperative Mood is used to command or to beg. This mood has only
one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as--

Habla tú: Speak thou.
Hablad vosotros:  Speak ye or you.

The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from
the Present Subjunctive.[141]

In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj.
may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes
apparent by the use of Que, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an
object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as--

Escríbalo él or Que lo escriba él: Let him write it.

There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]

[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons;
(auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]

[Footnote 141: With only one exception--
     Ir (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl.,
     Imperative--Vayamos or vamos (more used).]

[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as:
No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no habléis, no hablen. The difference
is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]


The Subjunctive Mood.

This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from
the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is
often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs
"may," "might," "should," "would."

Note.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore
applied irrespective of the English construction.

GENERAL RULE.

The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as--

Yo quiero que él venga: I wish him to come.
Yo quiero que él vaya: I wish him to go.

And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause,
the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner
(i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the
mind), as--

Yo declare que él vino (or vendría): I say that he came
  or that he would come.
Yo espero que él venga: I hope that he may come.
Yo esperaba que él viniese: I hoped that he might, or
  would come.

SPECIAL RULES.

I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive
Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the
subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.

EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the
Subjunctive Mood--

aconsejar (to advise)
alegrarse de que (to be glad that)
avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that)
conceder (to grant)
conseguir (to obtain)
desear (to desire)
esperar (to hope)
evitar (to avoid)
impedir (to hinder)
mandar (to order)
querer (to wish)
rogar (to ask, to beg)
sentir (to regret)
temer (to fear)
confiar en que (to trust)

N.B.--(a) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the
Infinitive Mood, as--

Deseo que venga:  I wish him to come.
Deseo venir: I wish to come.

(b) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative
may be used instead of the Subjunctive.

(c) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the
Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as--

Mándele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it.
Mándeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.


     VOCABULARY.

agradar, favorecer to oblige
almacenero, dependiente de almacén warehouseman
celebrar to be glad of
colorido colouring
*complacer to oblige
complazco, etc., I oblige, etc.
(el) cortapluma penknife
cortésmente politely
coste flete y seguro cost, freight and insurance
*dar las gracias to hank
demora delay
*demostrar confianza to show confidence
deplorar to deplore
dictados dictates
en seguida at once
franco de avería particular free of particular average
*hacer una remesa to send a remittance
intereses interests
justificarse to justify oneself
mucho much, exceedingly, greatly
navajas de afeitar razors
obrar to act
patines skates
primer dependiente chief clerk
propio own
*rogar to beg, to request
ruego, etc., I beg, etc.
sin novedad safe and sound
tela para pantalones trousering
tijeras scissors


                            EXERCISE 1 (45).

Translate into English--

1. En nuestra anterior les rogámos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las
telas de nuestros competidores.

2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de vía (route)
que hemos adoptado para sus envíos.

3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento también que mi primer
dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.

4. Me avergüenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacén negligente
haya recibido V. un género por otro (the wrong goods).

5. Nunca me avergüenzo de hablar á las claras (openly, clearly).

6. No podemos ni deberíamos querer impedir á los otros que piensen como
quieran; lo que sí debemos hacer es aconsejar á todos que obren según
los dictados de su propia conciencia.

7. Lo que me esté bien (is my duty) hacer lo haré.

8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.

9. Deploro que él quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de
sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).

10. Explícate para que te entienda.

11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).

12. Explíqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).

13. No le explique V. más de lo necesario.

[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation
may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]


                            EXERCISE 2 (46).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We should like to do more business with your firm.

2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.

3. He would do well to write it to them.

4. Let him write at once.

5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care
of yourself.

6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is
doing a successful (buenos) business.

7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.

8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no
difficulty.

9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated
(estipulado).

10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you
to realise a substantial (buena) profit.

11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.

12. Order them to do it quickly.

13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.

14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and
Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced
(nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran á manos) without
delay.

15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope
to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your
interests.

16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or
f.p.a.[144]

17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]

[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]

[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]