INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.


These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with
an accent--

¿Quién,-es? (who, whom?)
¿Cuál,-es? (which?)
¿Qué? (what?)
¿Cúyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?)
¿De quién,-es[103]? (whose?)
¿Cuánto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)

[Footnote 103: "De quién" is more usual than "Cúyo" in interrogations.]


Cuál when interrogative is used without the definite article which
must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quién, interrogative,
is never an adjective.


EXAMPLES--

¿Quién vino a verme? Who came to see me?

¿Cuál arreglo le gusta á V. más? Which arrangement do you prefer?

¿Cúyo es este lápiz?         Whose is this pencil? or Whose
¿Cúyo lápiz es este?         pencil is this?
¿De quién es este lápiz?

¿De quién recibió V. la consignación de madera? From whom did you
receive the consignment of timber?

¿A quiénes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for
information?

¿Cuánto me cobrará V.? How much will you charge me?

Cuál (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as--

¿Cuáles son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?

Qué is used in exclamatory sentences--"what a", as--

¡Qué lástima! What a pity!
¡Qué bonitos paños! What nice suitings![104]

[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "qué"
translates the English "how":--¡Qué bonito! how nice!]

An emphatic tan or más may be inserted, thus--

¡Qué paño tan bonito! What a very nice suiting!
¡Qué hombre más rico! What a very rich man!

Cuál is used in exclamatory clauses instead of cómo (how), as--

¡Cuál le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state)
     misfortunes have reduced him!
¡Cuál la ví! How (or in what a state) did I see her!

Cuánto is also used in exclamations, as--

¡Cuánto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your
kindness!

Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as--

Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.

Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still
possess," are translated "Me escribió una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."


Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).

+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
     Haber.             |  Tener.     | Ser.      | Estar.      |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+
|Que yo hubiera         |Tuviera      |Fuera      |Estuviera    |
| "  tú hubieras        |Tuvieras     |Fueras     |Estuvieras   |
| "  él hubiera         |Tuviera      |Fuera      |Estuviera    |
| "  nosotros hubiéramos|Tuviéramos   |Fuéramos   |Estuviéramos |
| "  vosotros hubierais |Tuvierais    |Fuerais    |Estuvierais  |
| "  ellos hubieran     |Tuvieran     |Fueran     |Estuvieran   |
+-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+


Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.


+-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+
|Que yo hubiere (that   |Tuviere (that |Fuere (that |Estuviere     |
|    I shall have,      | I shall have,| I shall be,| (that I shall|
|    etc.)              | etc.)        | etc.)      | be, etc.)    |
| "  tú hubieres        |Tuvieres      |Fueres      |Estuvieres    |
| "  él hubiere         |Tuviere       |Fuere       |Estuviere     |
| "  nosotros hubiéremos|Tuviéremos    |Fuéremos    |Estuviéremos  |
| "  vosotros hubiereis |Tuviereis     |Fuereis     |Estuviereis   |
| "  ellos hubieren     |Tuvieren      |Fueren      |Estuvieren    |
+-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+


Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)

+--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+
|Hablar  |Habla[105](speak thou, sing.)  |Hablad (speak you, plu.) |
|Temer   |Teme      (fear    "          )  |Temed  (fear   "         ) |
|Partir  |Parte     (depart  "          )  |Partid (depart "         ) |
|Haber   |Hé[106]   (have    "          )  |Habed  (have   "         ) |
|Tener   |Ten       (  "     "          )  |Tened  ( "     "         ) |
|Ser     |Sé        (be      "          )  |Sed    (be     "         ) |
|Estar   |Está      ( "      "          )  |Estad  ( "     "         ) |
+--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+

[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd
pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and
3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.

The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the
final r into d--no exception.

The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres.
Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]

[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in
modern Spanish, except in Héme, héte, héle, aquí, etc. (here I am, here
thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

N.B.--In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj.
negative being used instead, as--

        Hablar. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
                  No habléis (do not (you) speak).]


     VOCABULARY.

*acordarse to remember
me acuerdo I remember
se acuerda he remembers
cartera pocket-book, portfolio
contestar á, responder á to answer
*decir to say
*devolver to return, give back
devuelto given back
devuelvo I return, give back
digo I say
dice he says
dije I said
dijo he said
disgustado annoyed, disgusted, displeased
flojedad slackness
*hacer escala to call at (steamers)
mucho me gusta I am very glad
negativa refusal
notas (billetes) de banco bank notes
*oir to hear
*perder to lose
perdiendo losing
*querer to want, to be willing to have
quiero I want, I am willing to have
quiere he wants, he is willing to have
responder[107] to answer
*seguir to continue
sorpresa surprise

[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"--otherwise regular.]


                            EXERCISE 1 (27).

Translate into English--

1. ¿Quién respeta las leyes?

2. ¿Cuáles leyes?

3. Las de este país. ¿Qué dice V.?

4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).

5. Estos pañuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.

6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.

7. ¡Qué hermosas telas! ¡y baratas!

8. ¡Cuánto pide V. por ellas?

9 ¿Cuántos dividendos ha pagado esa Compañía? Tres.

10. ¿Cuántos dijo V. (did you say)?

11. Tres ó cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.

12. ¿Cúya cartera es esta?

13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habrá sabido, la
perdió con £500 en notas de banco y le fué devuelta.

14. ¿De quién es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?

15. Es mío.

16. ¿Qué libro es este? Es el mío.

17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el
amortizable.

18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.

19. ¡Cuál lo hallamos!

20. ¡Absolutamente desanimado! ¡Qué lastima!


                            EXERCISE 2 (28).

Translate into Spanish--

1. What reduction can you make?

2. Twopence a yard.

3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?

4. What orders did you give?

5. Whose goods are these?

6. What a surprise!

7. How much money did you receive?

8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?

9. Did you answer all his letters?

10. If we bought (si comprásemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the
figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seríamos
responsables).

11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your
requirements (corresponderán a sus necesidades).

12. Mr. Pérez seems annoyed by your refusal.

13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho or infinito) but it is not my
fault.

14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.

15. Has the steamer called at Málaga?

16. I believe she has (que sí).