DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS


A demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative
pronoun stands for a noun.

The Demonstrative Adjectives are--

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
|Este, esta (this).    |Estos, estas[93] (these).                |
|Ese, esa (that).      |Esos, esas[93] (those--near to the     |
|                      |    person addressed).                   |
|Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those--removed       |
|                      |    from both speaker and addressee).    |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+

[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but
these and other forms are obsolete.]

The difference between Ese and Aquel is not strictly observed.
However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder,"
use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta
caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."


The Demonstrative Pronouns are the same as the above, with the
addition of--

Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and
is used--

1. In reference to a whole sentence, as--

El mercado del algodón está muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton
market is very flat; this disconcerts me.

2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the
thing is,[95] as--

¿Qué es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)

Este, ese, aquel, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them;
Éste is also used for "the latter" and Aquél for "the former."[96]

Instead of ese, etc., aquel, etc., before que and de, the
definite article is generally used, as--

El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in
price to-day and that we had yesterday.

La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that
we are sending to-day.

El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on
wine.

Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief
(employer).

Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which
(what) I write is the honest truth.

[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically
indiscriminately.]

[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]

[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...]

[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it
is not] so.


A preposition may precede que, as--

¿Qué libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It
is that in which we wrote yesterday.

¿Qué carta quiere V.? La á que me referí ayer: What letter do you want?
That to which I referred yesterday.

¿Qué plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribía: What pens are these?
They are those with which I wrote.


Esta translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."

Esa translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."

As--

El mercado en esta está muy flojo: The market here is very slack.

Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegará á esa el 15 del mes
entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town
on the 15th prox.


+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense.                     |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
|   Haber.          |   Tener.        |   Ser.        |   Estar.      |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+
|Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I    |Sea (that I    |Esté (that I   |
|   may have, etc.) |  may have, etc.)|  may be, etc.)|  may be, etc.)|
| "  tú hayas       |Tengas           |Seas           |Estés          |
| "  el haya        |Tenga            |Sea            |Esté           |
| "  nosotros       |Tengamos         |Seamos         |Estemos        |
|      hayamos      |                 |               |               |
| "  vosotros       |Tengáis          |Seáis          |Estéis         |
|      hayáis       |                 |               |               |
| "  ellos hayan    |Tengan           |Sean           |Estén          |
+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+


     VOCABULARY.

á ese respecto in that respect
acusar to accuse, to show
al menos at least
barca á motor motor-boat
barca automóvil motor-boat
carriles, rieles, railes rails
competidor, contrincante competitor, neighbour[98]
condiciones terms
contra against
deprimir to depress
descarga discharge, the discharging
desgracia misfortune
días de estadía lay days
dificultad difficulty
elevar to raise, to enhance
está visto it is obvious
evitar to avoid
fletar to freight
mar alborotada heavy sea
mercado algodonero cotton market
mina de carbón colliery
*ofrecer to offer
oscilación uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs
perturbar to disturb
sorprendente surprising
suma redonda lump sum
*volcar to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]


                            EXERCISE 1 (23).

Translate into English--

1. Debido á la última baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos
ofrecerles una reducción de diez por ciento en los precios de esos
géneros.

2. Está visto que el gobierno de aquella república no sólo no se ocupa
de elevar el crédito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de
perturbar el mercado bursátil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en ésta la oscilación que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto á 82 y la Renta
Italiana á 101, habiendo bajado más tarde aquéllos á 81 1/2 y ésta á
100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subió hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la
de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquéllo es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo ésto: lo haré.

9. Eso me conviene.


                            EXERCISE 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing
vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with
at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursión de
prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volcó).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of
£1,000.

5. The working (la explotación) of those collieries has resulted in a
loss.

6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over
(aquí) to make considerable purchases.

7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of
nine months against their acceptances.

8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is
certain.