CARDINAL NUMBERS


Uno,[50] una                      1  Cuarenta                        40
Dos                               2  Cuarenta y uno or Cuarentiuno 41
Tres                              3     etc.                       etc.
Cuatro                            4  Cincuenta                       50
Cinco                             5  Sesenta                         60
Seis                              6  Setenta                         70
Siete                             7  Ochenta                         80
Ocho                              8  Noventa                         90
Nueve                             9  Ciento[52]                     100
Diez                             10  Ciento y uno or Cientiuno    101
Once                             11  Ciento y dos or Cientidós,   102
Doce                             12      etc.                      etc.
Trece                            13  Ciento diez                    110
Catorce                          14  Doscientos,-as                 200
Quince                           15  Trescientos,-as                300
Diez y seis or Dieciséis       16  Cuatrocientos,-as              400
Diez y siete or Diecisiete     17  Quinientos,-as                 500
Diez y ocho or Dieciocho       18  Seiscientos,-as                600
Diez y nueve or Diecinueve     19  Setecientos,-as                700
Veinte                           20  Ochocientos,-as                800
Veinte y uno or Veintiuno[51]  21  Novecientos,-as                900
Veinte y dos or Veintidós,     22  Mil                          1,000
    etc.                       etc.  Dos mil, etc.                2,000
Treinta                          30  Cien[53] mil               100,000
Treinta y uno or Treintiuno,   31  Cien mil y uno             100,001
    etc.                       etc.  Cien mil y diez            100,010
                                     Un millón                1,000,000

[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"]

[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of
"ciento," even standing alone.)]

[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.]

[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the to also before "mil"; and of course
before "millón" (a noun).]


The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as--

Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples).

But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as--

Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears).

"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000,
etc., to avoid ambiguity, as--

Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers).
Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles).

"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millón de habitantes.
(Note.--The de cannot be omitted.)

In the case of more than one million the word "millón" must be
plural--millones, as--

Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men).

As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos,"
etc., change the os into as for the feminine.



Future Tense,  Indicative Mood.
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
|Haber.[54]       |Tener.[54]      |Ser.[55]       | Estar.         |
|Habré (I shall   |Tendré (I shall |Seré (I shall  | Estaré (I shall|
|have, etc.,      |have, etc.,     |be, etc.)      | be, etc.)      |
|auxiliary, to    |denoting        |(See foot-note,| (See foot-note,|
|be used with     |possession)     |Lesson IV.)    | Lesson IV.)    |
|past participles)|                |               |                |
|Habrás           |Tendrás         |Serás          | Estarás        |
|Habrá            |Tendrá          |Será           | Estará         |
|Habremos         |Tendremos       |Seremos        | Estaremos      |
|Habréis          |Tendréis        |Seréis         | Estaréis       |
|Habrán           |Tendrán         |Serán          | Estarán        |
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+

Conditional Mood.
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+
|Habría (I        |Tendría (I      |Sería          | Estaría        |
|(I should  have, | (I should have,| (I should be) | (I should be)  |
|  etc.)          |  etc.)         |               |                |
|Habrías          |Tendrías        |Serías         | Estarías       |
|Habría           |Tendría         |Sería          | Estaría        |
|Habríamos        |Tendríamos      |Seríamos       | Estaríamos     |
|Habríais         |Tendríais       |Seríais        | Estaríais      |
|Habrían          |Tendrían        |Serían         | Estarían       |
+-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+

[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and
"Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the e after
the root Hab being dropped, and after the root Ten being changed
to d.]

[Footnote 55: For reference only--
     Ser (and not Estar) must be used:

      (1) Before nouns;             (3) When denoting possession;
      (2) When used impersonally;   (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico,
                                        Pobre.]


     VOCABULARY.

acabar de[56] to have just
almacén warehouse
aprender to learn
ayudar to help
bañar to wet, to bathe, to water
bicicleta bicycle
certísimo most certain
discípulo pupil
disfrutar to enjoy
él es, ella es[57] it is
ello (neuter),[57] it
este (m.), esta (f.), this
esto (neuter),[58] this
estos (m.), estas (f.), these
la fecha the date
la gente the people
hermosamente beautifully
importancia importance
La India India
libre free
maestro master, teacher
la mayor parte most, the majority
el mes the month
mismo same
novísimo brand new
otro other, another
el Sena[59] River Seine
el Tajo River Tagus
el Támesis River Thames
también also, too
tienda shop
ventaja advantage


[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de
escribir (to have just written).]

[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It
is useful" (Él, ella, or ello) es útil.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto or ello es
justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]

[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "río"
(river) is understood.]


                            EXERCISE 1 (11).

Translate into English--

1. La India es una posesión inglesa de grande importancia.

2. El Sena es un río de Francia[60] y el Támesis es un río de
Inglaterra.

3. Toledo, ciudad interesantísima de España bañada por el Tajo.

4. La mayor parte de estos Españoles comen en esta fonda.

5. Este año las tiendas están hermosamente decoradas.

6. Es certísimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan
de grandes ventajas.

7. ¿De quién es esta regla? Es mía.

8. ¿En que fecha escribió V. la carta?

9. La escribí (I wrote it) ayer.

10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novísima.

11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.

12. La criada compró esta mañana una escoba.

13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos
gastar dinero.

14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).

15. ¿Es bueno este vino?

16. Es muy bueno y también no es caro.

[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule
is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Perú, El Japón
(Japan).]

                            EXERCISE 2 (12).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.

2. Yes, because England is a free country.

3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.

4. Does the teacher help his pupils?

5. He does (Sí, Señor), but the pupils must study and learn their
lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]

6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the
bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.

7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el
año pasado)?

8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the
velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.

9. Little and good is better than much and bad.

10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).

11. It is necessary to work.

12. This is George's beautiful garden.

13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets
and other plants (plantas).

14. Who is here?

15. Charles and Henry are here.


[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add mente as you add
"ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add mente
to the feminine form, as rico (m.), rica (f.)--ricamente (richly).]

[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]