Definite Article
The Definite Article in Spanish is

El before a masculine[7] noun singular
La before a feminine[7]  noun singular


[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no
neuter nouns.]

as--

El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman)
El libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen)


El recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account)

Los before a masculine noun plural
Las before a feminine  noun plural

as--

Los muchachos (the boys)--Las señoras (the ladies)
Los géneros (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices)
Los lápices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters).

                          Indefinite Article
The Indefinite Article is--


Un before a masculine noun singular
Una before a feminine noun singular

as--

Un amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend)
Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother)


The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms
"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or
"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters),
Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish
words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.)

NOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun singular commencing with a or ha
use El and Un instead of La and Una if such nouns are stressed
on the first syllable, as El águila (the eagle), El agua (the water),
El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las águilas (the
eagles).)

NOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is Lo. It
cannot be used before a noun but before other parts of speech used to
represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful,
viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all
that which is sublime).


                          REGULAR VERBS

1st Conjugation. Hablar (to speak). Pres. Part. Hablando (speaking).
Past Part. Hablado (spoken).

Present Tense, Indicative Mood.



   
Yo hablo (I speak)
Nosotros (m.) hablamos (we speak)
Nosotras (f.) hablamos (we speak)
   

   
   
Tú hablas[8] (thou speakest)
Vosotros (m.) habláis (you speak)
Vosotras (f.) habláis (you speak)

   
   
Él or Ella habla (he or she speaks)
Ellos (m.) hablan (they speak)
Ellas (f.) hablan (they speak)

   
   
Usted habla (you speak)[9].
Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9]

   
   

[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style,
practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John"
or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."]

[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the
form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the 3rd person,
because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are
contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your
graces). V. ama  your grace loves.]

2nd Conjugation. Temer (to fear).

Pres. Part. Temiendo.    Past Part. Temido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo temo  Nosotros (m.) temenos

Nosotras (f.) temenos

Tú temes        Vosotros (m.) teméis
                Vosotras (f.) teméis

Él teme         Ellos (m.) temen
Ella teme       Ellas (f.) temen

V. teme         Vs. temen

3rd Conjugation. Partir (to depart, to set out).
Pres. Part. Partiendo.    Past Part. Partido.

Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood.

Yo parto       Nosotros (m.) partimos
               Nosotras (f.) partimos

Tú partes      Vosotros (m.) partís
               Vosotras (f.) partís

Él parte       Ellos (m.) parten
Ella parte     Ellas (f.) parten

V. parte       Vs. parten



                          VOCABULARY


la pluma the pen

Spanish
English

á, to
 
at


amar[10]
 
 to love



el árbol
 
the tree



las botas
the boots



el capitán
 
the captain



la camisa
 
the shirt



la casaca[11]
 
the coat



comprar
 
to buy



la flor
 the flower



el hombre
 
the man



el hermano
 
the brother



la hermana
 
the sister



el joven
 
the young man



la joven
 
the young woman



el lápiz
 
the pencil



el libro
 
the book



la madre
 
the mother



mas
but



más
 
more



la mujer
 
the woman



nosotros tenemos
 we have



el oro
 
gold



el padre
 
the father



los pantalones
the trousers



el papel
 
the paper



para
 
for



la plata
 silver





el sombrero
 
the hat



él tiene
 
he has



V. tiene
 
you (sing.) have



Vs. tienen
 
you (pl.) have



la tinta
 
the ink



el tintero
 
the inkstand



*tener[10]
 
to have, to possess



yo tengo
 I have



el viejo
 the old man



la vieja
the old woman



la virtud
 
virtue




[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are
regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs
given) unless they are marked with an asterisk.]

[Footnote 11: Or americana, more used now.]


                             EXERCISE 1 (1).

Translate into English--

1. El hombre tiene una pluma.

2. La mujer tiene un libro.

3. ¿Tiene el padre un sombrero?

4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven.

5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lápiz de la madre.

6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel.

7. Las hermanas aman.

8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is)
más preciosa.

9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers).

10. V. vende sombreros.

11. Vs. tienen las cartas.

12. ¿Compra[12] V. los pantalones?

13. El Señor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John).

14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son míos (mine).

15. ¿Habla V.?

16. ¿Teme ella?

17. Ellos parten.

18. V. parte.

19. Nosotros compramos géneros (goods) y vendemos flores.

[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in
interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.]


                            EXERCISE 2 (2).

Translate into Spanish--

1. The father, the mother, and the brother.

2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand.

3. The old man and the old woman.

4. A hat and some boots.

5. The shirt and the trousers.

6. I buy the tree.

7. He sells some flowers (flores).

8. I fear.

9. He fears.

10. We sell.

11. We set out.

12. You (sing.) set out.

13. I buy.

14. He sells.

15. The brother and the sister sell.

16. They speak to the (al) man.

17. We set out for London (Londres).

18. The old woman has the hat.

19. The old man has the flower.

20. Who (quién) has the ink and a pen?

21. The father has the coat.

22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious
(preciosa).

23. I sell paper to the woman.

24. You (sing.) fear.

25. You (plu.) buy some flowers.

26. She speaks to the sister.

27. The father and the mother of the captain.